Demolinguistic Statistics

Technical reports deal with the quality of data gathered and generally include, reports on sampling, weighting, coverage, and other methodological considerations like imputation, error detection, linking, suppression, random rounding, and so forth. In this segment, we provide technical reports sorted by year.

Sampling and Weighting

html: Sampling and Weighting, 2016 Census (available Oct. 25, 2017)
pdf: Available Oct 25th, 2017.25th, 2017.

html: Sampling and Weighting, 2011 NHS
pdf: Sampling and Weighting Technical Report (NHS).pdf

html: Sampling and Weighting, 2006 Census
pdf: Sampling and Weighting Technical Report.pdf

html: Sampling and Weighting, 2001 Census
pdf:  Sampling and Weighting Technical Report.pdf

html: Sampling and Weighting, 1996 Census
pdf:  Sampling and Weighting Technical Report.pdf 

html: Sampling and Weighting, 1991 Census
pdf: Sampling and Weighting Technical Report.pdf

html: Sampling and Weighting, 1986 Census  
pdf:  Sampling and Weighting Technical Report.pdf

Census Strategy Projects : Methodology & Content Consultations

Royce (2011) Preliminary report on Methodology options for the 2016 Census.pdf.

Statistics Canada (2014) Census Program Content Consultation Report, Census Year 2016

Statistics Canada (2008) Census Content Consultation Report, Census Year 2011.

Statistics Canada (2003) Content Consultation Report, 2006 Census

Statistics Canada (1997) Census Consultation Guide, 2001 Census

Statistics Canada (1994) Census Consultation Report, 1996 Census

Statistics Canada (1990) 1991 Census Content Development Final Report.

Questionnaires

2016
Form 2A
Form 2B (2A-L)

2011
Form 2A (Census)
Form N2 (NHS)

2006
Form 2A
Form 2B

2001
Form 2A
Form 2B

1996
Form 2A
Form 2B
 

This section deals with the theoretical frameworks, dimensions, definitions, and operationalization of the many variables that are quantified at Statistics Canada. Documents in this category include the Census Dictionary, Topic Guides, Data Sourcing Guides to mention a few. In this section we include these aforementioned sorted by census year.

Dictionaries

Census Dictionary, 2016 (PDF version upcoming)

Census Dictionary, 2011
NHS Dictionary, 2011

Census Dictionary, 2006

Census Dictionary, 2001

Census Dictionary, 1996 

Census Dictionary, 1991

Census Dictionary, 1986

Census Dictionary, 1981

Census Dictionary, 1976

Census Dictionary, 1971

Topic Guides

2016

- To be added October 30, 2017

2011

-Aboriginal Peoples Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Education Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Ethnic Origin Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Languages Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Language Reference Guide, 2011 Census
-Mobility and Migration Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Place of Birth, Generation Status, Citizenship and Immigration, Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Religion Reference Guide, 2011 NHS
-Visible Minority and Population Group Reference, 2011 NHS
-Your Guide to Data Sources on Census Program Topics

2006

-Education
-Ethnic Origin
-Immigration and Citizenship
-Language
-Mobility and Migration
-Visible Minorities
-Aboriginal Peoples

2001

-Languages
-Ethnic Origin
-Visible Minority
-Mobility and Migration

 

As far as the census program goes, data products for the Census of Population come in the form of a) Aggregated tables, b) Profiles, c) Highlight Tables, d) and Public Use Microdata Files (PUMF). All of these data products retain Canadians' confidentiality by either restricting their geographical scope (e.g. national, provincial, and municipal), using lower sample ratios (e.g. 2% PUMF files), or introducing various data perturbation techniques in the database (e.g. PUMF files). They nevertheless provide a wealth of cross-tabulated information suitable for many levels of geographic precision. The census of population, moreover, can be searched by variable or by topic. Likewise, the National Household Survey can be searched by variable, by topic, or geographic level .

For other surveys, the premier database available is the Canadian Socio-Economic Information Management System (CANSIM). CANSIM provides access to a range of data tables, is updated daily, and it is searchable by topic or by survey. Some examples include: The National Household Survey, The Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC), the Elementary-Secondary Education Survey (ESES), the Longitudinal Immigration Database (IMDB), General Social Survey - Social Identity (GSS-SI), the Aboriginal Peoples Survey (APS), as well as a few tables from the Census Programme. In general, higher-frequency surveys find their way here.

In this subsection we present a thematic list of all the tables we used in the making of this guide. They are almost without exception at the national, provincial-territorial, and metropolitan geographic levels for all of Canada (2011).

    Official-Language Bilingualism

1. Population According to Knowledge of Official Languages.pdf (pdf, 399.56 KB)
2. Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) (# 98-314-X2011032)
   
   Multilingualism
3. Population According to Language Spoken Most Often at Home.pdf (pdf, 341.84 KB)
4. Population According to Mother Tongue.pdf (pdf, 368.15 KB)
5. Knowledge of Non-Official Languages Profile (2011) National Household Survey. Statistics Canada. Cat.  99-004-XWE. 
6. Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home (232), Detailed Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home (233), Age (17), and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-X2011042)
7. Detailed Mother Tongue (192) Single and Multiple Language Reponses (3) Age Groups (7) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-XCB2011017)
   
   Multilingualism- Language Shift
8. (General) Detailed Mother Tongue (232), Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home (232) Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home (9) Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas
9. (Aboriginal) Detailed Mother Tongue (85) Languages Spoken Most Often at Home (85) Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home (12) Age (13) Sex (3) and Area of Residence (6) for Canada and Provinces/Territories (Cat. 98-314-X2011048)
10. (Inuit) Detailed Mother Tongue (15) Languages Spoken Most Often at Home (15) Other Languages Regularly Spoken at Home (16) Age (13) Sex (3) and Inuit Area Residence (11) for Canada and Provinces/Territories (Cat. 98-314-X2011049)
    
    Multilingualism - Language Integration
11. Detailed Mother Tongue (232) Knowledge of Official Languages (5), Age (17) and Sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-XCB2011031)
12. (Inuit) Detailed Mother Tongue Inuit Languages (15), Knowledge of Inuit Languages (10), Aboriginal Identity (8), Age group (8), for Canada, Provinces, and Territories (Cat. 99-011-X2011031)
    
    Multilingualism - Categorizing Multilingual Groups
13. First Official Language Spoken (7) Detailed Language Spoken Most often at Home (232) Age (17) Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Census Divisions and Subdivisions (Cat. 98-314-XCB2011039)
    
    Language of Work
14. Language used most often at work (8), Other language used regularly at work (9), Language spoken most often at home (8), Other language spoken regularly at home (9), Mother Tongue (8) and Immigrant Status/Period of Immigration (10) for the working population aged 15+, Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-012-X2011029)
15. (General) Language used most often at work (8), Other language used regularly at work (9), Mother Tongue (8), Industry-NAICS (21), Industry-NOC (11), Highest certificate, diploma, or degree (7) for the working population aged 15+ in Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-012-X2011028)
16. Language used most often at work (8), Other language used regularly at work (9), Mother Tongue (8) Industry-NAICS (21), Highest certificate, diploma, or degree (7) Immigrant status (4) and Age (5) for the working population aged 15+ in Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-012-X2011026)
17. Mother tongue (8), First official language spoken (5) Language used most often at work (8) Other language used regularly at work (9) Language spoken most often at home (8) and Population by immigrant status and Place of Birth (66) for the working population aged 15+ in Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-010-X2011042)
    
    Home Language
18. Detailed language spoken most often at home (232) Detailed other languages spoken regularly at home (233) Age (17) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-X2011042)
19. Detailed mother tongue (232) Detailed language spoken most often at home (232) Other languages spoken regularly at home (9) and sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-XCB2011041)
20. First official language spoken (7) Detailed language spoken most often at home (232) age (17) and sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (98-314-XCB201137)
    
    Language Use in the Public Domain - Institutional Use
    
    Health Care
21. Table 3.5m
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have used the telephone health line or telehealth service in the 12 months before the survey by the language used with the health professional, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
22. Table 3.5l
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have used the services of a nurse in the 12 months before the survey by the language used with the health professional, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
23. Table 3.5q
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have used the services of their family doctor in the 12 months before the survey by the language used with the health professional, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
24. Tableau 3.5b
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have used other health services during the 12 months before the survey by the language used with the health professional, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Public Service
25. Table 3.5f
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have had contact with an employee of the federal government in the two years before the survey by the frequency of use of the minority language, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
26. Table 3.5g
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have had contact with an employee of their municipal government in the two years before the survey by the frequency of use of the minority language, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
27. Table 3.5h
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have had contact with an employee from the provincial government during the two years before the survey by the frequency of use of the minority language, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Police
28. Table 3.5r
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have come into contact with the Royal Canadian Mounted Police in the two years before the survey by the language used on these occasions, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
29. Table 3.5t
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have come into contact with the provincial police in the two years before the survey by the language used on these occasions, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
30. Table 3.5s
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have come into contact with the municipal police in the two years before the survey by the language used on these occasions, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Sports
31. Table 3.5w
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who have practiced organized sports during the 12 months before the survey by the language used during these activities, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Neighbours
32. Table 3.5y
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority by the language used when speaking to their closest neighbours, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Social Associations
33. Table 3.5a
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who were members of organizations, networks or associations during the 12 months before the survey by the language used during these activities, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Friends
34. Table 3.5i
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority by the language used with friends, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Shopping
35. Table 3.5e
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority by the language used with employees in the stores they visit most often, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Written Forms
36. Table 3.5j
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority by the language used when filling in written forms, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Books
37. Table 3.5p
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who read books by the language used, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Newspapers
38. Table 3.5o
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who read newspapers by the language used, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Internet
39. Table 3.5n
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who use the internet by the language used, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Radio
40. Table 3.5u
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who listen to the radio by language used, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Television
41. Table 3.5x
    Percentage of adults belonging to the official-language minority who watch television by the language used, provinces and Canada less Quebec, 2006
    
    Education
42. Number of full-time and part-time educators in public elementary and secondary schools by age and sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories. (Cat. CANSIM 477-0028)
43. Number of students in regular programs for youth, public elementary and secondary schools, by grade and sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories. (Cat. CANSIM 477-0025)
44. Headcount enrolments in public school Aboriginal language programs for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. CANSIM 477-0039)
45. Enrollments in official languages programs offered in public elementary and secondary schools, by type of program, grade, and sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. CANSIM 477-0027)
46. Number of graduates from regular programs for youth, public schools, by age group and sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories. (Cat. CANSIM 477-0026)
    
    Literacy
47. PISA Reading Proficiency Scale (228.35 KB)
48. Literacy and Numeracy by Sex and Age for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. CANSIM 477-0079)
49. Literacy and Numeracy by Aboriginal, Immigrant, Minority Language Status, and Sex for selected provinces and territories. (Cat. CANSIM 477-0087)
50. Literacy and Numeracy by Industry and Sex for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. CANSIM 477-0083)
51. Literacy and Numeracy by Labour Force Status, Highest Level of Education, and Age for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. CANSIM 477-0081)
    
    Official-Language Minorities
52. First Official Language Spoken (7) Detailed Language Spoken Most Often at Home (232) Age Groups (17A) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces, Territories and Census Metropolitan Areas (Cat. 98-314X2011037).--Census
53. First Official Language Spoken (7) Mother Tongue (8) Knowledge of Official Languages (5) Age Groups (25) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces, and Census Metropolitan areas.(Cat. 98-314-X2011045)--Census
54. Mother Tongue (8) First Official Language Spoken (7) Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8) Other Languages Spoken Regularly at Home (9) Age Groups (17A) Sex (3) and Marital Status for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas (Cat. 98-314-X2011043)--Census
55. Mother Tongue of Married Spouse or Common-Law Partner (10) Mother Tongue of Child (10) Mother Tongue of Other Married Spouse or Common-Law Partner (10) Language Spoken Most Often at Home by Married Spouse or Common-Law Partner (10) Language Spoken Most Often at home by Child (10) Language Spoken Most Often at Home by Other Married Spouse or Common-Law Partner (10) Age Group of Child (2) for children under 18 for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas (Cat. 98-314-XCB2011020)--Census
56. First Official Language Spoken (5) Mother Tongue (10) Employment Income Statistics in 2010 (7) Immigrant Status and period of Immigration (9) Highest Certificate, Diploma or Degree (10) Age Groups (8B) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (Cat. 99-010-X2011039).-NHS
57. First Official Language Spoken (5) Mother Tongue (8) Language Used Most Often at Work (8) Other Language Used Regularly at Work (9) Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8) and Population by Immigrant Status and Selected Places of Birth (66) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (Cat. 99-010-X2011042)-NHS
58. First Official Language Spoken (5) Mother Tongue (8) Language Spoken Most Often at Home (8) Other Language Spoken Regularly at Home (9) Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11) Age Groups (12) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (99-010-X2011031)-NHS
    
    Ethnocultural Characteristics
    
    Immigrant Status 
59. Immigrant Category (16) World Area (8) Knowledge of Official Languages (6) Education Qualifications (6) Income Type (6) Statistics (4) and Sex (3) for Canada [1981-2013] (Cat. CANSIM table 054-0002)
    
    Ethnic Origin
60. Ethnic Origin (264) Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Reponses (3) Generation Status (4) Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (Cat. 99-010-x2011028)
61. Ethnic Origin (101) Age Groups (10) Sex (3) Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational, and Income Characteristics (327) [including Mother Tongue, Home Language, Knowledge of Official Languages, Language of Work] for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (99-010-X2011036)
    
    Visible Minority
62. Visible Minority (15) Generation Status (4) Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces, Territories, and Metropolitan areas.
63. Visible Minority (15) Age Groups (10) Sex (3) and Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, Educational and Income Characteristics (315) [including Mother Tongue, Home Language, Knowledge of Official Languages, and Language of Work] for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Metropolitan areas.
    
    Religion
64. Religion (108) Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11) Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, and Metropolitan areas. (Cat. 99-010-X2011032)
65. Religion (19) Age Groups (10) Sex (3) Selected Demographic, Cultural, Labour Force, and Educational Characteristics (268) [including Mother Tongue, Home Language, Knowledge of Official Languages, and Language of Work] for Canada, Provinces, Territories, Metropolitan areas.
    
    Aboriginal Identity
66. Aboriginal identity (8) Age Groups (20) Area of Residence: Inuit Nunangat (7) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-011-X2011027)
67. Detailed Knowledge of Aboriginal Languages (79) Knowledge of Languages: Single and Multiple Language Responses (3) Aboriginal Identity (8) Registered or Treaty Indian Status (3) Aboriginal Mother Tongue (11) Area of Residence: On Reserve (3) Age Groups (8) for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. 99-011-X2011030)
68. Knowledge of Inuit Languages (10) Knowledge of Languages: Single and Multiple Language Responses (3) Aboriginal Identity (8) Mother Tongue – Detailed Inuit Languages (15) Area of Residence: Inuit Nunangat (7) Age Groups (8) for Canada, Provinces and Territories (Cat. 99-011-X2011031)
    
    Place of Birth
69. Place of Birth (236) Citizenship (5) Immigrant Status and Period of Immigration (11) Age Groups (10) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Metropolitan areas (Cat. 99-010-X2011026)
    
    Citizenship
70. Countries of Citizenship (178), Single and Multiple Responses for Citzenship (3), Immigrant Status (4) and Sex (3) for Canada, Provinces and Territories, Metropolitan Areas (Cat. 99-010-X2011035)

 

This section provides a thematic list of all documents used in the making of this guide.

     Demolinguistic Questions

1. Blue, A. (1902) Report on the Fourth Census of Canada, 1901. Ottawa: The Census Office.
2. Bouchard, P. (2002) La langue du travail: Une situation qui progresse, mais toujours teintée d’une certain précarité. In Bouchard, P., and Bourhis, R. (Eds.) L’aménagement linguistique au Québec: 25 ans d’application de la Chartre de la langue Francaise. Revue d’aménagement linguistique. Hors serie: 85-103.
3. Cartier, G. (2008) City of Québec 1608-2008: 400 years of censuses. Canadian Social Trends. (Cat.11-008-X)
4. Chevrier, M. (1997) Laws and language in Québec: The principles and means of Québec's language policy. Ministère des Relations Internationales.
5. Corbeil, J.P. (2010) Demolinguistic information and the Canadian census (1969-2009): Reflection of a changing linguistic duality.
6. Gaffield, C. (2000) Linearity, nonlinearity, and the competing constructions of social hierarchy in early twentieth-century Canada: The question of language in 1901. Historical Methods, 33 (4): 255-260.
7. Gémar, J.C. (2008) The major commissions of inquiry and the first language laws. In (eds.) The French language in Québec: 400 years of history and life.
8. Houle, R. and Cambron-Prémont, A. (2015) Les concepts et les questions posées sur les langues aux rencensements canadiens de 1901 à 1961. Cahiers québécois de démographie, 40(2), p.291-310.
9. Houle, R., Corbeil, J.P., and Charron, M. (2012) Les langues de travail au Québec en 2006.
10. Lachapelle, R. and Lepage, J.F. (2010) Languages in Canada: 2006 Census. New Canadian Perspectives. Canadian Heritage. 
    
    Official-Language Bilingualism
11. Bougie, E. (2010)Family, community, and Aboriginal language among young First Nations children living off reserve in Canada.Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008-X)
12. Corbeil, J.-P. (2011) L’information démolinguistique et le recensement Canadien (1969-2009): Reflet d’une dualité linguistique en mutation. In Jedwab, J. and Landry, R. (eds)Life After Forty: Official Languages Policy in Canada. Montréal and Kingston: Queen’s Policy Studies Series, Mcgill University press.
13. Corbeil, J.-P. (2012)Linguistic characteristics of Canadians [2011 Census]
14. Harrison, B. (2000)Passing on the language: Heritage language diversity in Canada.Canadian Social Trends. (Cat 11-008)
15. Houle, R. (2011)Immigrant languages in Canada.Census in Brief. (Cat. 98-314-X2011003)
16. Houle, R. (2011)Recent evolution of immigrant-language transmission in Canada.Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008-X)
17. Houle, R. and Corbeil, J.P. (2017)Language Projections for Canada, 2011-2036.Ethnicity, Language, and Immigration Thematic Series.
18. Langlois, S. and Turner, A. (2011)Aboriginal Languages in Canada.Census in Brief.(Cat. 98-314-X2011003)
19. Langlois, S., and Turner, A. (2014)Aboriginal languages and selected vitality indicators in 2011.(Cat. 89-655-X-No.001)
20. Langois, S. (2011)Aboriginal peoples and language.NHS in Brief(Cat. 99-011-X2011003)
21. Lepage, J.-F., and Corbeil, J-P. (2013)The evolution of English-French bilingualism in Canada from 1961 to 2011.Insights on Canadian Society. Catalogue no. 75-006-X
22. Norris, M.J. (2007)Aboriginal languages in Canada: Emerging trends and perspectives on second language acquisition.Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008-X)
23. Statistics Canada (2011)The evolution of English-French bilingualism in Canada from 1901 to 2011.Canadian Megatrends.
24. Turcotte, M. (2006)Passing on the ancestral language.Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008)
    
    Language Practices
25. Béland, P. (2008) Langue et immigration, langue du travail: Eléments d'analyse. Conseil Supérieur de la Langue Française.
26. Blaser, C. [Statistics Canada] (2009) Health care professionals and Official Language Minorities in Canada. Demography Division. (Cat. 91-550-X)
27. Boyd, M., and Schellenberg, G. (2007) Re-accreditation and the occupations of immigrant doctors and engineers. Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008)
28. Chui, T. and Zietsma, D. (2003) Earnings of immigrants in the 1990s. Canadian Social Trends
29. Corbeil, J.P. (2008) Using languages at work in Canada, 2006 Census. **Glossary of definitions
30. Derrick, T. (2009) Immigrants in Canada who work in a language other than English or French. Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008-X)
31. Derrick, T. (2009) The impact of working in a non-official language on the occupations and earnings of immigrants in Canada. Canadian Social Trends. (Cat. 11-008-X)
32. Dryburgh, H., and Hamel, J. (2004) Immigrants in demand: Staying or leaving? Canadian Social Trends.
33. Grenier, C., Corbeil, J-P, and Lafreniere, S. (2007) Minorities speak up: Results of the survey on the vitality of official-language minorities. Demography Division, Statistics Canada. (Cat. 91-548-X)
34. Grondin, C. [Statistics Canada] (2007) Knowledge of Official Languages among new immigrants: How important is it in the labour market? Special Surveys Division. (Cat. 89-624-XIE)
35. Houle, R., Corbeil, J.P., Charron, M. (2012) Les langues de travail au Québec en 2006.Office Québécois de la Langue Francaise. 
36. Lavoie, E., and Houle, R., (2015) Language practices of children in Francophone families living in a minority linguistic environment. Portrait of Official Language Minorities in Canada. Cat. 89-642-x2015012.
37. Lavoie, E., and Houle, R., (2015) Language practices of children in Francophone families living outside Québec. Insights on Canadian Society. Cat. 75-006-X
38. Lepage, J.F. [Statistics Canada] (2012) The situation of Official-Language minorities in the labour market. Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division. (Cat. 89-651-X2012001)
39. Marmen, L. and Delisle, S. (2003) Healthcare in French outside Québec. Canadian Social Trends.
40. Martel, L. Caron-Malenfant, Vézina, S., and Bélanger, A. (2007) Labour Force Projections for Canada, 2006-2031. Canadian Economic Observer. (Cat. 11-010-XIB)
41. Office québécois de la langue française (2006) Langue du travail: Indicateurs relatifs à l'évolution de la population active et a l'utilisation des langues au travail en 2001.
42. Statistics Canada (2003) Use of English and French at work. 2001 Census analysis series.
43. Tran, K. (2004) Visible minorities in the labour force: 20 years of change. Canadian Social Trends.
44. Turcotte, M. [Statistics Canada] (2010) Retail customer service in French. Canadian Social Trends (Cat. 11-008-X)
    
    Second Language Education and Literacy
45. Allen, M. (2004) Does French immersion improve reading achievement? Canadian Social Trends.
46. Allen, M. (2004) French immersion 30 years later. Education Matters: Insights on education, learning, and training in Canada.
47. Arriagada, P. and Hango, D. (2016) Literacy and numeracy among off-reserve First Nations people and Métis: Do higher skill levels improve labour market outcomes?Insights on Canadian Society.
48. Bérard-Chagnon, J. (2015) Competencies in literacy among Ontario Francophones: Current situation and emerging issues. Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division, Statistics Canada.
49. Bérard-Chagnon, J. and Lepage, J.F. (2016) The literacy skills of Newbrunswick Francophones: Demographic and Socioeconomic Issues. Ethnicity, Language and Immigration Thematic Series. 
50. Bonikowska, A., Green, D., and Riddell, C. (2008) Literacy and the labour market: Cognitive skills and immigrant earnings. International Adult Literacy Survey.
51. Boothby, D., (2002) Literacy Skills, Occupational Assignment and the Returns to Over- and Under-Education. International Adult Literacy Survey
52. Brockington, R. (2011) Summary public school indicators for Canada, the Provinces and Territories, 2005/2006 to 2009/2010. Culture, Tourism and the Center for Education Statistics Research Papers. Cat. 81-595-M-no.095
53. Clark, W. (2002) 100 years of education. Canadian Social Trends.
54. Corbeil, J.P. (1998) Literacy: does language make a difference? Canadian Social Trends.
55. Corbeil, J.P. (2000) Literacy in Canada: Disparity between Francophones and Anglophones. Demography Division.
56. Corbeil, J.P. (2003) 30 years of education: Canada’s language groups. Canadian Social Trends.
57. Corbeil, J.P. (2006) The Canadian component of the 2003 international adult literacy and skills survey (IALSS): The situation of official language minorities.International Adult Literacy Survey.
58. Coulombe, S., Tremblay, J.-F., and Marchand, S. (2004) Literacy scores, human capital and growth across fourteen OECD countries. International Adult Literacy Survey.
59. Ferrer, A., Green, D., and Riddell, C. (2004) The effect of literacy on immigrant earnings. International Adult Literacy Survey.
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61. Findlay, L., and Kohen, D., (2012) Neighbourhood factors and language outcomes of First nations Preschoolers living off reserve: Findings from the Aboriginal Children’s Survey. International Indigenous Policy Journal.
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63. Green, D., and Riddell, C., (2007) Literacy and the market: The generation of literacy and its impact on earnings for native born Canadians. International Adult Literacy Survey.
64. Grenier, S., Jones, S., Strucker, J., Murray, T.S., Gervais, G., and Brink., S. (2008) Learning literacy in Canada: Evidence from the international survey of reading skills.International Adult Literacy Survey.
65. Guèvremont, A., and Kohen, D., (2012) Knowledge of an Aboriginal language and school outcomes for children and adults. International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism.
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75. Taylor, A. and Krahn, H. (2005) Aiming high: Educational aspirations of visible minority immigrant youth
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79. Wagner, S. (2002) Literacy and literacy training of Francophones in Canada. International Adult Literacy Survey.
80. Willms, D., and Murray, S., (2007) Gaining and losing literacy skills over the life course. International Adult Literacy Survey.
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83. Bouchard-Coulombe, C., Lepage, J.F., and Chavez, B. (2012) Francophones in Newfoundland and Labrador.
84. Bouchard-Coulombe, Lepage, J.F., and Chavez, B. (2012) Francophones in Nova Scotia
85. Chavez, B., and Bouchard-Coloumbe, C.(2011) Francophones in British Columbia
86. Chavez, B., Bouchard-Coulombe, C., and Lepage, J.F. (2011) Francophones in Alberta
87. Chavez, B., Lepage, J.F., Bouchard-Coulombe, C. (2012) Francophones in P.E.I.
88. Corbeil, J.P. (2006) The Canadian component of the 2003 International Adult Literacy and Skills Survey (IALSS): The situation of Official Language Minorities. International Adult Literacy Survey.
89. Corbeil, J.P. and Lafrenière, S. (2010) Francophones in Ontario
90. Corbeil, J.P., Chavez, B., and Pereira, D. (2010) Anglophones in Quebec
91. Corbeil, J.P., Grenier, C., Lafrenière, S. (2006) Minorities Speak Up: Results of the Survey on the Vitality of Official-Language minorities. Demography Division, Statistics Canada.
92. Lafrenière, S. (2013) Statistics Canada data sources on Official-Language minorities. Social and Aboriginal Statistics Division.
93. Lavoie, E., and Houle, R., (2015) Language practices of children in Francophone families living in a minority linguistic environment. Portrait of Official Language Minorities in Canada. Cat. 89-642-x2015012.
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97. Lepage, J.F., Bouchard-Coulombe, C., and Chavez, B.(2011) Francophones in New Brunswick
98. Lepage, J.F., Chavez, B., and Bouchard-Coulombe, C. (2011) Francophones in Yukon, The Northwest Territories, and Nunavut
99. Statistics Canada (2014) Portrait of Official-Language Minorities in Canada (Video)
    
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105. Derrick, T. (2009) The impact of working in a non-official language on the occupations and earnings of immigrants in Canada. Canadian Social Trends.
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107. Houle, R., (2011) Recent evolution of immigrant-language transmission in Canada. Canadian Social Trends.
108. Maheux, H. (2014) Mixed unions in Canada. NHS in Brief, Statistics Canada.
109. Maheux, H., and Flanders, J. (2013) Obtaining Canadian citizenship. NHS in Brief, Statistics Canada.
110. McMullen, K. (2006) Literacy skills among Canada’s immigrant population . Education Matters: Insights on Education, Learning and Training in Canada.
111. Myles, J., and Hou, F. (2003) Neighbourhood attainment and residential segregation among Toronto’s visible minorities. Business and Labour Market Analysis Division.
112. Ng, E., Pottie, K., and Spitzer, D. (2011) Official Language Proficiency and self-reported health among immigrants to Canada. Health Reports
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