Types of Papers

Do not include an introduction unless the instructions specify otherwise.

 2.1. Source: Arrange the bibliographic entries alphabetically according to the author's surnames. If necessary, use headings to sort the sources by topic, by keyword, or according to any other relevant factor.
 2.2. Summary: Insert the summaries under the corresponding bibliographic entry.
  2.2.1. Do active reading. Start by reading the abstract and the headings in order to identify the author's thesis and the source's main ideas. Then, read the source from start to finish and highlight the key terms.
  2.2.2. Make a reverse outline. Extract the main idea from each paragraph, section or chapter for a clear overview of the source's content and structure.
  2.2.3. Evaluate the source. Establish its strengths and weaknesses by considering the methodology, the results and conclusions, the theoretical approach, etc.
  2.2.4. Summarize the source. Include the information that is directly related to your research question and eliminate details of lesser importance. Show how the source is connected to your research project.

Do not include a conclusion unless the instructions specify otherwise.

 1.1. Context: Get the reader's attention and introduce your topic.
 1.2. Thesis: Present your research question. What do you want to address? What is your position? What sparked your interest for this topic?
 1.3. Outline: Show the use of conducting a research project on this topic. What could be accomplished? Why would it be worthwhile? What new insights could it bring

Present the information that is contained in the literature to uncover the questions that remain unanswered.

Although some historians make a correlation between the Ukrainian Catholic and Orthodox churches and the retention of Ukrainian culture and language by Ukrainian immigrants in Canada, little has been said of the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the development of Ukrainian communities in Canada. (Gap in the literature)

How has the Roman Catholic Church shaped Ukrainian Canadian identity? (Research question)

 2.1. Do active reading. Start by reading the abstract and the headings in order to identify the author's thesis and the source's main ideas. Then, read the source from start to finish and highlight the key terms. Record the relevant information in a reading journal.
 2.2. Compare the sources. Note recurrent ideas, theories, concepts, and debates in order to identify dominant trends and themes in the literature. Sort the relevant material by theme, by keyword, or according to any other relevant factor.
 2.3. Organize your ideas in a clear and coherent way so that the reader can easily follow your paper. If necessary, use headings to clarify its progression.

 3.1. Summary: Summarize the information that you have drawn from your research and show the gaps in the literature. What has already been explored? What could be gained from further exploration?
 3.2. Final thought: Make a final comment that reaffirms the use of conducting a research project on this topic.

1.1. Context: Get the reader's attention and introduce the text by providing noteworthy details.
1.2. Thesis: Present the studied text and its author.
1.3. Outline: Present the thesis developed by the author in the studied text.

 2.1. Summary: Restate the main ideas of the original text using your own words.
 2.1.1. Do active reading. Start by reading the abstract and the headings in order to identify the author's thesis and the text's main ideas. Then, read the text from start to finish and highlight the key terms.
 2.1.2. Make a reverse outline. Extract the main idea from each paragraph, section or chapter for a clear overview of the text's content and structure.
 2.1.3. Evaluate the text. Establish its strengths and weaknesses by considering the methodology, the results and conclusions, the theoretical approach, etc.
 2.1.4. Summarize the text. Include the information that is essential to comprehension (and that will be addressed in your analysis of the text), and eliminate details of lesser importance.
2.2. Analysis: Explain and critique the original text.
 2.2.1. Show how the arguments or themes discussed by the author support (or not) his or her thesis.
 2.2.2. Organize your ideas in a clear and coherent way so that the reader can easily follow your paper. If necessary, use headings to clarify its progression.

 3.1. Summary: Restate the author’s main ideas in connection with his or her thesis to assess their validity.
 3.2. Final thought: Add a final comment that supports your assessment in a memorable way.

 1.1. Context: Get the reader's attention and introduce your topic.
 1.2. Thesis: Present your research question. What do you want to address? What is your position? What sparked your interest for this project?
 1.3. Outline: Show the importance of conducting the proposed research project. What do you want to accomplish? Why is it worthwhile? What new insights will it bring?

 2.1. Literature review: Prove the validity of your research question. Overall, what does the literature tell you? What is known and unknown? How are the sources similar or different? Which ones are the most convincing? How is your research project innovative? How will it fill the gaps in the literature?
 2.2. Theoretical framework: Specify the viewpoint or angle from which you will address your topic. On what basis are you making your arguments? What assumptions are you bringing to your project? How are they supported by theory? How does your theoretical framework enable you to address your topic?
 2.3. Methodology: Describe and justify the ways in which you will collect and analyze your data. What kind of methods and analytical tools will you use? What are their strengths and weaknesses? How will they allow you to answer your research question and to draw new or unique conclusions?
 2.4. Time frame: Provide your research plan. What steps will you follow in order to complete your project? When will each step be done?

 3.1. Summary: Make predictions and explain their significance. What are the expected findings? What would be the significance of these findings?
 3.2. Final thought: Make a final comment that reaffirms the importance of conducting the proposed research project.

 1.1. Experiment: Describe the experiment in one paragraph. Give interesting and relevant information to introduce the experiment. Present the objective of the experiment, the methods that were used, the results that were obtained, and the conclusions that were drawn. If necessary, use headings like Objective, Methods, Results, and Conclusions.

2. Introduction

2.1. Context: Present relevant scientific concepts and explain the reasons that motivated the experiment.
 2.2. Thesis: Present the objective of the experiment.
 2.3. Outline: Present your hypotheses and predictions, as well as your results and conclusions.

3. Procedure

 3.1. Materials: Provide a list of the materials that were used to conduct the experiment. If necessary, list the participants' characteristics.
 3.2. Methods: Describe the experiment by using the past tense for accuracy and the passive voice for formality. You can often refer to the lab procedure given in class, but consult the professor before doing so. Indicate all the changes made to the original lab procedure (if any).

4. Observations    

 4.1. Notes: Indicate your observations at each step of the lab procedure. Provide the original raw data sheet and a table that neatly presents your data. Make sure to give a title to this table and to include the right units.

5. Calculations

 5.1. Samples: Provide a sample of each type of calculation. Make sure to include the right units.
 5.2. Trial results: Provide a summary of the results of each trial in a table. Make sure to give a title to each table.

6. Results

N/A    

7. Data

Indicate your results. Use a data summary to describe and analyze your results. Use tables and graphs to clarify your results. Make sure to give a title to each table or graph and to include the right units.

8. Discussion

 8.1. Findings: Interpret your results. Explain their possible significance and refer back to your hypotheses and predictions to assess their validity. Discuss the limitations or possible errors. Make recommendations for further experiments.
 8.2. Questions: Answer all the questions listed in the lab procedure (if any).

 9.1. Summary: Restate your results and explain what you learned from the experiment.
 9.2. Final thought: If possible, present your results in a broader context to propose other areas of research.